PRISON ORDINANCE, 1899
Title
PRISON ORDINANCE, 1899
Description
No. 4 of 1899.
To consolidale and amend the laws relating to Prisons.
1. The Prison Ordinance, 1899.
[7th March, 1899.]
2. The Governor may make orders for any of the following
purposes'-
(1) to set apart any available sites and buildings for the purpose
of a prison;
(2) to discontinue the use of any prison and appropriate the site
and buildings thereof to any other lawful purpose
(3) to remove prisoners from one prison to another; and
(4) to appoint fit persons to be, respectively superintendents of
prisons, assistant superintendents, chaplains, surgeons, chief
warders, and subordinate officers for the service of prisons as
the Governor may think necessary, and to remove, such persons from
their offices.
3. The site and buildings and prison known as Victoria Gaol shall
be a prison duly set apart under the last section.
[s.4, rep No. 1, of 1912.]
5. Prisoners shall be under the control of superintendents and
assistant, superintendents of prisons and chief warders, assisted by
the prison officers.
6.--(1) A person shall be deemed to be a prisoner and in legal
custody whenever he is being taken to or from, or is confined in, any
prison in which he may be lawfully confined, whether under
criminal or civil process or whenever he is working outside or is
otherwise beyond the walls of any such prison in the custody or
under the control of a prison officer belonging to such prison.
(2) Any constable or other officer acting mider the order of any
Judge or Justice of the Peace, or officer having power to commit a
prisoner to prison, way convey a prisoner to or from any prison to
or froiri which he may be, legally committed or removed
7. The followIng rules shall be observed with respect to the
separation of prisoners
As anionded by No. 50 of 1911 and No. 1 of 1912.
As amended by No, 29 of 1911 and No, 1 of 1912.
ks
~ - wmendled by No. 1 of 1912 and No. 2 of 1912..
(1) in every prison separate cells shall, as, far as possible, be pro-
vided equal in number to the average of the greatest number of
prisoners who have been confined in such prison at any time during
each of the preceding 5 years ;
(2) in every prison punishment cells shall be provided or appro-
priated for the confinement of prisoners for prison offences,
(3) in a prison containing female as well as male prisoners, the
women shall be imprisoned in separate buildings or separate parts
of the same buildings, in such manner as to prevent their seeing,
conversing, or holding any intercourse with the male prisoners;
(4) in a prison where criminal prisoners are confined, means shall be pro-
vided for separating them altogether from the criminal prisoners;
(5) in a prison where criminal prisoners are confined, such
prisoners shall, as far a3 possible, be prevented from holding any
communication with each other, either by every prisoner being kept
in a separate cell by day and by night, except when he is at chapel
or taking exercise, or by every prisoner being confimed by night to
his cell and being subjected to such superintendence during the day
as will, consistently with the provisions of this Ordinance, prevent
his communicating with any other prisoner; and,
(6) in a prison where prisoners iinder the age of 16 years are
confined, they shall be kept separate from prisoners of or above that
age.
8.-(1) No cell shall be used for the separate confinement of a
prisoner unless it has been approved in writing by the Governor for
the purpose, and the Governor shall not give his approval in respect
of any cell unless he is satisfied that it is of such a size, and is light-
ed, ventilaled, and fitted up in such a manner as may be requisite
for health, and furnished with the means of enabling the prisoner
to communicate at any time with all officer of the prison; but a
distinction may be made in respect of the use of cells for the separate
confinenment of prisoners during long and short periods of imprison-
ment, and in respect of the use of cells in which the prisoner is
intended to be employed during the whole or a long or short part
thereof ; and the Governor's, approval may be varied accordingly, so
as to express the period of imprisoninent for which each cell may be
considered fit, and the number of hours in the day during which the
prisoners may be employed therein.
(2). No punishment cell shall be used unless it has been approved
in writing by the Governor, and the Governor shall not give his
approval in respect of any such cell unless he is satisfied that it is
furnished with the means of enabling the prisoner to communicate
at any time with an officer of the prison, and that it can be, used as
a punishment cell without, detriment to tbe prisoner's health, and
the time for which it may be so used shall be stated in the approval.
(3) Every approved Cell shall be distinguished by a number or
mark placed in a conspicuous position, and shall be referred to by
its number or mark in the Governor's approval, and the number or
mark of any approved cell shall not be changed without the
Governor's approval.
(4) Any approval given by the Governor in respect of a cell may
be withdrawn, on such alteration taking place in such cell as to
render the approval, in his opinion, inapplicable thereto, and, on an
approval in respect of a cell being withdrawn, that cell shall cease
to be, an approved cell for the purposes of this Ordinance.
9.-(1.) Hard labour, for the purposes of Sentences of imprison-
ment with hard labour, shall be of such classes, character, and
description as may be appointed by rules made by the Governor-in-
Council.
(2) Prisoners undergoing hard labour may, ill the discretion of the
Superintendent of the Gaol, beemployed, under the control of offi-
cers belonging to the prison, on such public works outside the walls
of the prison as the Governor may approve.
10-(1) In every prison prisoners convicted of misdemeanor, and
not sentenced to hard labour, shall be divided into at least two
divisions, one of which shall be called the tirst division.
(.2) Whenever any person convicted of misdemeanor is sentenced
to imprisonment without hard labour, the Court or Judge before
whom such person has been tried may order that such Person shall
be treated as a misdemeanant of the first division, and a mis-
demeanant of the first division shall not, be deemed to be a criminal
prisoner within the, meaning of this Ordinance.
(3) Every person imprisoned any rule, order, or attachment
for contempt of Court shall be treated as a inisdemeanant of the first
division.
As arriended by No. 50 of 1.911 and No. 1 of 1912.
As aniended by No. 1 of 1012.,
11. Every person who
(1) escapes or attempts to escape from any prison or from leg
custody ; or
(2) aids any prisoner in escaping or attempting to escape from any prison
or from legal custody; or,
(3) with intent to facilitate the escape of any prisoner, conveys or causes to
be conveyed into any prison any mask, dress, or other disguise, or any letter,
or any other article or thing,
shall be guilty of felony, and shall be liable to imprisonment for any term not
exceeding 2 years.
12.-(1) Every person who, contrary to any prison rule brings, or attempts by
any means whatever to introduce, into any prison ,any spirituous or fermented
liquor, or tobacco, or opium, and every officer of a prison who, contrary to any
prison rule suffers any spirituous or fermented liquor, or tobacco, or opium to
be sold or used therein, and every officer of a prison who contrary to any prison
rule gives or causes to be given or endeavours to give anything of
whatever nature to any prisoner, shall be liable to a fine not ex-
ceding 2,00 dollars, and to imprisonment for any term not exceeding
6 months.
(2) Any officer of a prison convicted under this section shall, addition to
any other punishment, forfeit his office.
13. Every person who, contrary to any prison rule, conveys or
attempts to convey any letter or other document, or any article whatever not
allowed by such rules into or out of any prison shall be liable to a fine not
exceeding 100 dollars, and, further, if an officer of the prison, shall forfeit his
office; but this section shall not apply in cases where the offender is liable to
a more severe punish ment under any other provision of this Ordinance.
14. The Superintendent shall cause to be affixed in a conspicuous place
outside the prison a notice, in English and in Chinese, setting forth the
penalties that will be incurred by persons committing any
offence in contravention of the last three sections.
As amended by No. 29 of 1.911 and No. 80 of 1911.
As amended by No. 13 of 1909, No. 30 of 1911 and No. 1 of 1912.
As amended by No. 30 of 1911, No. 1 of 1912 and No. 2 of 1912.
As amended by No. 50 of 1911.
15. It shall be the duty of the Magistrate discharging the duties
of Coroner to hold an inquest on the body of every prisoner who may
die within a prison, and in no case shall any officer of the prison, or
any prisoner confined in the prison, or any person engaged in any
sort of trade or dealing with the prison, be a juror on such inquest.
[s. 16, rep. No. 31 of 1911.]
17. Every prison officer, who,-
(1) after having duly engaged and bound himself to serve as such
officer, absents himself from his duties; or,
(2) on being dismissed or permitted to resign from or ceasing to
belong to the service of the prison, does not deliver up all arms,
accouttements, appointments, and things entrusted to him for the
performance of his duty as such officer,
shall be liable, to a fine oot exceeding 100 dollars, or to imprisonment
for any term not exceeding 3 months, and, further, he shall forfeit
all pay during such imprisonment.
18.-(1) The Governor-in-Council shall have power to inake rules
for the regulation and government of prisons, and for the, duties and
conduct.of the officers and other persons employed in prisons, and
for the punishment by fine, degradation to a lower rank or pay,
discharge, or dismissal of such officers or other persons, and for the
duties of the Visiting Justices, and for the conditions under which
visitors may be allowed in prisons, and for the classification, diet,
clothing, maintenance, employment, discipline, instruction, and
correction of prisoners, and the remission of a portion of their sen-
tences, and the granting of gratuities to them, and for all other
matters relating to prisons.
(22) The Governor-in-Council shall also have power by such rules
to impose any punishment or penalty for the breach of any such
rules.
(3) Every such rule may be disallowed by His Majesty.
19.-(1) The Govennor shall appoint, with their consent, Justices
of the Peace to be Visiting Justices for periods to be specified in such
appointments.
As aniended by No. 30 of 1911, 'No. 2 of 19112 and No. 43 of 1912
Supp. Selled.
As amended by No. 51 of 1911, No. 1 of 1912 and No. 2 of 1912.
As arnended by No. 50 of 1911 and No. 1 of 1912.
(2) Visiting Justices shall, during the period for which they are
appointed, at frequent intervals, visit all prisons and hear any com-
plaints which may be made to them by the prisoners, and shall
report, on any abuses within the prisons or any repairs that may be
required, and shall further take cognizance of any matters of press-
ing necessity and within the powers of their commission as Justices,
and do such acts and perform such duties in relation to prisons as
they may be required to do or perform by the Governor, but subject
to the rules with respect to the duties of Visiting Justices to be made
by the Governor-in-Council.
20. Where a person is committed to prison for non-payment of a
sum adjudged to be paid by theof a Court of summary
jurisdiction, then, on payment in the or file, prison
within which he is corifined, or to stich person as such Superin-
tendent may authorise, or to the firstat tfle Magistracy, of
any sum in part satisfaction of the sum so adjuged to be paid and
of any charges for which the prisoner is liable, the term of imprison-
ment shall he reduced by a number of days bearing as nearly as
possible the same proportion to the total number of days for which
the prisoner has been sentenced as the sum so paid bears to the sum
for which he is so liable, : Provided, nevertheless, that the pro-
vishns of this section shall not apply to any sum of money which
is ordered to be paid to any person aggrieved, by way of compensa-
tion or amends for any injury, damage, or loss to his person or
property.
Short title. Ordering of certain matters in relation to prisons. Victoria Gaol to be a prison. Control of prisoners. Custody and conveyance of prisoner. Regulations as to separation of prisoners. [28 & 29 Vict.c 126 s. 17.] Separate confinement and punishment cells to be approved by Governor. [28 & 29 Vict.c. 126. s. 18.] Regulation of hard labour. Misdemeanants of the 1st and 2nd divisions. [28 & 29 Vict.c. 126 s. 67.] Escaping, or attempting or aiding to escape, from prison or legal custody. [28 & 29 Vict.c. 126 s. 37.] Introduction of prohibited articles into prison. [ib.s.38.] Conveying documents or articles into or out of prison. [ib.s.39.] Notice of punishments under ss. 11-13 to be placed outside prison. [ib.s.40.] Inquest on prisoner dying. [28 & 29 Vict.c. 126 s. 48; 50 & 51 Vict.c. 57 s. 3.] Misconduct of subordinate officer. Prison rules. Appointment and duties of Visiting Justices. [40 & 41 Vict.c. 21 ss. 13, 14.] Reduction of imprisonment on paying of portion of fine. [61 & 62 Vict.c. 41 s. 9.]
To consolidale and amend the laws relating to Prisons.
1. The Prison Ordinance, 1899.
[7th March, 1899.]
2. The Governor may make orders for any of the following
purposes'-
(1) to set apart any available sites and buildings for the purpose
of a prison;
(2) to discontinue the use of any prison and appropriate the site
and buildings thereof to any other lawful purpose
(3) to remove prisoners from one prison to another; and
(4) to appoint fit persons to be, respectively superintendents of
prisons, assistant superintendents, chaplains, surgeons, chief
warders, and subordinate officers for the service of prisons as
the Governor may think necessary, and to remove, such persons from
their offices.
3. The site and buildings and prison known as Victoria Gaol shall
be a prison duly set apart under the last section.
[s.4, rep No. 1, of 1912.]
5. Prisoners shall be under the control of superintendents and
assistant, superintendents of prisons and chief warders, assisted by
the prison officers.
6.--(1) A person shall be deemed to be a prisoner and in legal
custody whenever he is being taken to or from, or is confined in, any
prison in which he may be lawfully confined, whether under
criminal or civil process or whenever he is working outside or is
otherwise beyond the walls of any such prison in the custody or
under the control of a prison officer belonging to such prison.
(2) Any constable or other officer acting mider the order of any
Judge or Justice of the Peace, or officer having power to commit a
prisoner to prison, way convey a prisoner to or from any prison to
or froiri which he may be, legally committed or removed
7. The followIng rules shall be observed with respect to the
separation of prisoners
As anionded by No. 50 of 1911 and No. 1 of 1912.
As amended by No, 29 of 1911 and No, 1 of 1912.
ks
~ - wmendled by No. 1 of 1912 and No. 2 of 1912..
(1) in every prison separate cells shall, as, far as possible, be pro-
vided equal in number to the average of the greatest number of
prisoners who have been confined in such prison at any time during
each of the preceding 5 years ;
(2) in every prison punishment cells shall be provided or appro-
priated for the confinement of prisoners for prison offences,
(3) in a prison containing female as well as male prisoners, the
women shall be imprisoned in separate buildings or separate parts
of the same buildings, in such manner as to prevent their seeing,
conversing, or holding any intercourse with the male prisoners;
(4) in a prison where criminal prisoners are confined, means shall be pro-
vided for separating them altogether from the criminal prisoners;
(5) in a prison where criminal prisoners are confined, such
prisoners shall, as far a3 possible, be prevented from holding any
communication with each other, either by every prisoner being kept
in a separate cell by day and by night, except when he is at chapel
or taking exercise, or by every prisoner being confimed by night to
his cell and being subjected to such superintendence during the day
as will, consistently with the provisions of this Ordinance, prevent
his communicating with any other prisoner; and,
(6) in a prison where prisoners iinder the age of 16 years are
confined, they shall be kept separate from prisoners of or above that
age.
8.-(1) No cell shall be used for the separate confinement of a
prisoner unless it has been approved in writing by the Governor for
the purpose, and the Governor shall not give his approval in respect
of any cell unless he is satisfied that it is of such a size, and is light-
ed, ventilaled, and fitted up in such a manner as may be requisite
for health, and furnished with the means of enabling the prisoner
to communicate at any time with all officer of the prison; but a
distinction may be made in respect of the use of cells for the separate
confinenment of prisoners during long and short periods of imprison-
ment, and in respect of the use of cells in which the prisoner is
intended to be employed during the whole or a long or short part
thereof ; and the Governor's, approval may be varied accordingly, so
as to express the period of imprisoninent for which each cell may be
considered fit, and the number of hours in the day during which the
prisoners may be employed therein.
(2). No punishment cell shall be used unless it has been approved
in writing by the Governor, and the Governor shall not give his
approval in respect of any such cell unless he is satisfied that it is
furnished with the means of enabling the prisoner to communicate
at any time with an officer of the prison, and that it can be, used as
a punishment cell without, detriment to tbe prisoner's health, and
the time for which it may be so used shall be stated in the approval.
(3) Every approved Cell shall be distinguished by a number or
mark placed in a conspicuous position, and shall be referred to by
its number or mark in the Governor's approval, and the number or
mark of any approved cell shall not be changed without the
Governor's approval.
(4) Any approval given by the Governor in respect of a cell may
be withdrawn, on such alteration taking place in such cell as to
render the approval, in his opinion, inapplicable thereto, and, on an
approval in respect of a cell being withdrawn, that cell shall cease
to be, an approved cell for the purposes of this Ordinance.
9.-(1.) Hard labour, for the purposes of Sentences of imprison-
ment with hard labour, shall be of such classes, character, and
description as may be appointed by rules made by the Governor-in-
Council.
(2) Prisoners undergoing hard labour may, ill the discretion of the
Superintendent of the Gaol, beemployed, under the control of offi-
cers belonging to the prison, on such public works outside the walls
of the prison as the Governor may approve.
10-(1) In every prison prisoners convicted of misdemeanor, and
not sentenced to hard labour, shall be divided into at least two
divisions, one of which shall be called the tirst division.
(.2) Whenever any person convicted of misdemeanor is sentenced
to imprisonment without hard labour, the Court or Judge before
whom such person has been tried may order that such Person shall
be treated as a misdemeanant of the first division, and a mis-
demeanant of the first division shall not, be deemed to be a criminal
prisoner within the, meaning of this Ordinance.
(3) Every person imprisoned any rule, order, or attachment
for contempt of Court shall be treated as a inisdemeanant of the first
division.
As arriended by No. 50 of 1.911 and No. 1 of 1912.
As aniended by No. 1 of 1012.,
11. Every person who
(1) escapes or attempts to escape from any prison or from leg
custody ; or
(2) aids any prisoner in escaping or attempting to escape from any prison
or from legal custody; or,
(3) with intent to facilitate the escape of any prisoner, conveys or causes to
be conveyed into any prison any mask, dress, or other disguise, or any letter,
or any other article or thing,
shall be guilty of felony, and shall be liable to imprisonment for any term not
exceeding 2 years.
12.-(1) Every person who, contrary to any prison rule brings, or attempts by
any means whatever to introduce, into any prison ,any spirituous or fermented
liquor, or tobacco, or opium, and every officer of a prison who, contrary to any
prison rule suffers any spirituous or fermented liquor, or tobacco, or opium to
be sold or used therein, and every officer of a prison who contrary to any prison
rule gives or causes to be given or endeavours to give anything of
whatever nature to any prisoner, shall be liable to a fine not ex-
ceding 2,00 dollars, and to imprisonment for any term not exceeding
6 months.
(2) Any officer of a prison convicted under this section shall, addition to
any other punishment, forfeit his office.
13. Every person who, contrary to any prison rule, conveys or
attempts to convey any letter or other document, or any article whatever not
allowed by such rules into or out of any prison shall be liable to a fine not
exceeding 100 dollars, and, further, if an officer of the prison, shall forfeit his
office; but this section shall not apply in cases where the offender is liable to
a more severe punish ment under any other provision of this Ordinance.
14. The Superintendent shall cause to be affixed in a conspicuous place
outside the prison a notice, in English and in Chinese, setting forth the
penalties that will be incurred by persons committing any
offence in contravention of the last three sections.
As amended by No. 29 of 1.911 and No. 80 of 1911.
As amended by No. 13 of 1909, No. 30 of 1911 and No. 1 of 1912.
As amended by No. 30 of 1911, No. 1 of 1912 and No. 2 of 1912.
As amended by No. 50 of 1911.
15. It shall be the duty of the Magistrate discharging the duties
of Coroner to hold an inquest on the body of every prisoner who may
die within a prison, and in no case shall any officer of the prison, or
any prisoner confined in the prison, or any person engaged in any
sort of trade or dealing with the prison, be a juror on such inquest.
[s. 16, rep. No. 31 of 1911.]
17. Every prison officer, who,-
(1) after having duly engaged and bound himself to serve as such
officer, absents himself from his duties; or,
(2) on being dismissed or permitted to resign from or ceasing to
belong to the service of the prison, does not deliver up all arms,
accouttements, appointments, and things entrusted to him for the
performance of his duty as such officer,
shall be liable, to a fine oot exceeding 100 dollars, or to imprisonment
for any term not exceeding 3 months, and, further, he shall forfeit
all pay during such imprisonment.
18.-(1) The Governor-in-Council shall have power to inake rules
for the regulation and government of prisons, and for the, duties and
conduct.of the officers and other persons employed in prisons, and
for the punishment by fine, degradation to a lower rank or pay,
discharge, or dismissal of such officers or other persons, and for the
duties of the Visiting Justices, and for the conditions under which
visitors may be allowed in prisons, and for the classification, diet,
clothing, maintenance, employment, discipline, instruction, and
correction of prisoners, and the remission of a portion of their sen-
tences, and the granting of gratuities to them, and for all other
matters relating to prisons.
(22) The Governor-in-Council shall also have power by such rules
to impose any punishment or penalty for the breach of any such
rules.
(3) Every such rule may be disallowed by His Majesty.
19.-(1) The Govennor shall appoint, with their consent, Justices
of the Peace to be Visiting Justices for periods to be specified in such
appointments.
As aniended by No. 30 of 1911, 'No. 2 of 19112 and No. 43 of 1912
Supp. Selled.
As amended by No. 51 of 1911, No. 1 of 1912 and No. 2 of 1912.
As arnended by No. 50 of 1911 and No. 1 of 1912.
(2) Visiting Justices shall, during the period for which they are
appointed, at frequent intervals, visit all prisons and hear any com-
plaints which may be made to them by the prisoners, and shall
report, on any abuses within the prisons or any repairs that may be
required, and shall further take cognizance of any matters of press-
ing necessity and within the powers of their commission as Justices,
and do such acts and perform such duties in relation to prisons as
they may be required to do or perform by the Governor, but subject
to the rules with respect to the duties of Visiting Justices to be made
by the Governor-in-Council.
20. Where a person is committed to prison for non-payment of a
sum adjudged to be paid by theof a Court of summary
jurisdiction, then, on payment in the or file, prison
within which he is corifined, or to stich person as such Superin-
tendent may authorise, or to the firstat tfle Magistracy, of
any sum in part satisfaction of the sum so adjuged to be paid and
of any charges for which the prisoner is liable, the term of imprison-
ment shall he reduced by a number of days bearing as nearly as
possible the same proportion to the total number of days for which
the prisoner has been sentenced as the sum so paid bears to the sum
for which he is so liable, : Provided, nevertheless, that the pro-
vishns of this section shall not apply to any sum of money which
is ordered to be paid to any person aggrieved, by way of compensa-
tion or amends for any injury, damage, or loss to his person or
property.
Short title. Ordering of certain matters in relation to prisons. Victoria Gaol to be a prison. Control of prisoners. Custody and conveyance of prisoner. Regulations as to separation of prisoners. [28 & 29 Vict.c 126 s. 17.] Separate confinement and punishment cells to be approved by Governor. [28 & 29 Vict.c. 126. s. 18.] Regulation of hard labour. Misdemeanants of the 1st and 2nd divisions. [28 & 29 Vict.c. 126 s. 67.] Escaping, or attempting or aiding to escape, from prison or legal custody. [28 & 29 Vict.c. 126 s. 37.] Introduction of prohibited articles into prison. [ib.s.38.] Conveying documents or articles into or out of prison. [ib.s.39.] Notice of punishments under ss. 11-13 to be placed outside prison. [ib.s.40.] Inquest on prisoner dying. [28 & 29 Vict.c. 126 s. 48; 50 & 51 Vict.c. 57 s. 3.] Misconduct of subordinate officer. Prison rules. Appointment and duties of Visiting Justices. [40 & 41 Vict.c. 21 ss. 13, 14.] Reduction of imprisonment on paying of portion of fine. [61 & 62 Vict.c. 41 s. 9.]
Abstract
Short title. Ordering of certain matters in relation to prisons. Victoria Gaol to be a prison. Control of prisoners. Custody and conveyance of prisoner. Regulations as to separation of prisoners. [28 & 29 Vict.c 126 s. 17.] Separate confinement and punishment cells to be approved by Governor. [28 & 29 Vict.c. 126. s. 18.] Regulation of hard labour. Misdemeanants of the 1st and 2nd divisions. [28 & 29 Vict.c. 126 s. 67.] Escaping, or attempting or aiding to escape, from prison or legal custody. [28 & 29 Vict.c. 126 s. 37.] Introduction of prohibited articles into prison. [ib.s.38.] Conveying documents or articles into or out of prison. [ib.s.39.] Notice of punishments under ss. 11-13 to be placed outside prison. [ib.s.40.] Inquest on prisoner dying. [28 & 29 Vict.c. 126 s. 48; 50 & 51 Vict.c. 57 s. 3.] Misconduct of subordinate officer. Prison rules. Appointment and duties of Visiting Justices. [40 & 41 Vict.c. 21 ss. 13, 14.] Reduction of imprisonment on paying of portion of fine. [61 & 62 Vict.c. 41 s. 9.]
Identifier
https://oelawhk.lib.hku.hk/items/show/899
Edition
1912
Volume
v1
Subsequent Cap No.
234
Cap / Ordinance No.
No. 4 of 1899
Number of Pages
6
Files
Collection
Historical Laws of Hong Kong Online
Citation
“PRISON ORDINANCE, 1899,” Historical Laws of Hong Kong Online, accessed April 24, 2025, https://oelawhk.lib.hku.hk/items/show/899.
